ALL ABOUT PAPER (UNIT-4)

ALL ABOUT PAPER

Paper is a thin material mainly used for writing upon,  printing upon,  drawing or for packaging.  It is produced by pressing together moist fibers, typically cellulose pulp derived from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets.

Of all the writing materials mankind has employed down through the ages, paper has become the most widely used around the world. Paper has a long history stretching back to ancient Egypt in the third millennium BC.
Although our paper may not be recognisable to the Pharaohs, paper has retained its essential characteristics down through the ages and today's diverse offerings remain as natural, essential and precious as ever.
The word ‘paper' is derived from papyrus, a plant that was once abundant in Egypt and which was used to produce a thick, paper-like material by the ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Romans. Papyrus, however, is only one of the predecessors of paper that are collectively known by the generic term ‘tapa' and which were mostly made from the inner bark of the paper mulberry, fig and daphne trees.

Paper as we know it traces its roots back to China at the beginning of the first millennium AD. Traditional Chinese records give the credit for its development to one T'sai Lun (about 105AD). He was subsequently deified as the god of paper makers!

China: birthplace of paper   AD 105
The birth of paper, as we know it today, took place under the Chinese Han Dynasty in AD 105. Ts'ai Lun, a court official, invented a papermaking process which primarily used rags (textile waste) as the raw material with which to make paper.
Chinese papermakers subsequently developed a number of specialities such as sized (paper with special surface properties), coated and dyed paper. Further advances saw paper designed to be resistant to insects and the use of a fibre-yielding plant - bamboo - which was de-fibred by cooking in lye Papermaking and innovation went hand-in-hand and the papermakers enabled China to develop its civilisation more rapidly, but they did encounter problems satisfying the growing demand for paper for governmental administration.

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Paper is recorded as being manufactured in Italy by 1220 and Germany by 1400, just about the time when the woodcut print making technique was transferred from fabric to paper in the old master print and popular prints.
The craft of papermaking spread throughout the world and remained a relatively small-scale, artisan activity until paper production became industrialised during the 19th century. Originally intended purely for writing and printing purposes, a dazzling array of paper products are available to today's consumer.




Modern paper making

Modern paper making began in the early 19th century in Europe with the development of the Fourdrinier machine, which produces a continuous roll of paper rather than individual sheets. These machines have become very large, up to 500 feet (~150 m) in length, producing a sheet 400 inches (~10 m) wide, and operating at speeds of over 60 mph (100 km/h).  In 1844, both Canadian inventor Charles Fenerty and German inventor F.G. Keller had invented the machine and process for pulping wood for the use in papermaking. This would end the nearly 2000-year use of pulped rags and start a new era for the production of newsprint and eventually almost all paper was made out of pulped wood.


USE OF PAPER

Paper can be produced with a wide variety of properties, depending on its intended use

1 For representing value: paper money, bank note, cheque, security (see Security paper), voucher and ticket

2 For storing information: book, notebook, magazine, newspaper, art, zine, letter

3 For personal use: diary, note to remind oneself, etc.; for temporary personal use: scratch paper

4 For communication: between individuals and/or groups of people.

5 For packaging: corrugated box, paper bag, envelope, wrapping tissue, Charta emporetica and wallpaper

6 For cleaning: toilet paper, handkerchiefs, paper towels, facial tissue and cat litter

7 For construction:  origami, paper planes, quilling, paper honeycomb, used as a core material in composite materials, paper engineering, construction paper and paper clothing

8. For other uses: emery paper, sandpaper, blotting paper, litmus paper, universal indicator paper, paper chromatography, electrical insulation paper (see also dielectrics and permittivity) and filter paper

Industrial papermaking
A modern paper mill is divided into several sections, roughly corresponding to the processes involved in making hand-made paper. Pulp is refined and mixed in water with other additives to make a pulp slurry, the headbox of the paper machine distributes the slurry onto a moving continuous screen, water drains from the slurry (by gravity or under vacuum), the wet paper sheet goes through presses and dries and is finally rolled into large rolls, often weighing several tons.
Another type of paper machine makes use of a cylinder mold that rotates while partially immersed in a vat of dilute pulp. The pulp is picked up by the wire and covers the mold as it rises out of the vat. A couch roller is pressed against the mold to smooth out the pulp, and picks the wet sheet off of the mold.

Handmade Paper making

Hand made paper (Cor. kagziindia.com)

New research into western form of handmade papermaking has renewed the interest and quality of hand made craft paper. The hydro pulper can be made from 200 litre drum, motor and blade to create 1mm size pulp. The new vat has a 30 degree entry angle to help novices make a good sheet the first time. The new moulds and deckles are made from moulded aluminium frames and high tec screens. The new transfer curve rolls over the new cotton sheets to quickly transfer from mould to cotton couching material. The new cotton couching is better than the thick couching material The new stacking system guides each cotton couching material onto a press board. The new press boards align 5 per board onto the bench press. The new bench press presses 50-200 sheets at a time. The research was pioneered with the help of Les Westerlund and the Environmental Technology Centre at Murdoch University,WA. The paper is made 150-300 gsm for quality printing with one smooth side.

SOME TYPES - Handmade Floral Paper, Handmade Crocodile Paper, Handmade Batik Paper, Handmade Embossed Paper, Handmade Dew Paper, Handmade Leather Paper,

SOME USES - Handmade Paper Note Book,  Handmade  Paper Bags, Handmade Paper Stationery, Handmade Paper Boxes, Handmade Paper Photo Frames and Handmade Paper Album.

MODERN PAPER SIZE
The international paper size standard, ISO 216, is based on the German DIN 476 standard for paper sizes. ISO paper sizes are all based on a single aspect ratio of square root of 2, or approximately 1:1.4142.


The base A0 size of paper is defined to have an area of one m². With the given aspect ratio of square root of two, this corresponds to a piece of paper with a longer side of one metre multiplied by the square root of the square root (that is, the fourth root) of two and the shorter side being the reciprocal of this value. Rounded to millimetres the A0 paper size is 841 by 1,189 millimetres (33.1 × 46.8 in). Successive paper sizes in the series A1, A2, A3, and so forth, are defined by halving the preceding paper size along the larger dimension. The most frequently used paper size is A4 (210 × 297 mm).


A0   841 by 1,189 mm

A1   594  by 841 mm
A2 420  by  594 mm
A3 297 by 420 mm
A4   210 by 297 mm
A5 148 by 210 mm
A6 105 by 148 mm
A7 74 by 105 mm
A8 52 by 74 mm
A9 37 by 52 mm
A10 26 by 37 mm


B0   1000 by 1414 mm
C0 917 by 1297 mm


Traditional inch-based paper sizes
Traditionally, a number of different sizes were defined for large sheets of paper, and paper sizes were defined by the sheet name and the number of times it had been folded. Thus a full sheet of "royal" paper was 25 × 20 inches, and "royal octavo" was this size folded three times, so as to make eight sheets, and was thus 10 by 6¼ inches.
Imperial sizes were used in the United Kingdom and its territories. Some of the base sizes were as follows:


Name in × in mm × mm Ratio
Emperor 48 × 72 1219 × 1829 1.5
Antiquarian 31 × 53 787 × 1346 1.7097
Grand eagle 28.75 × 42 730 × 1067 1.4609
Double elephant 26.75 × 40 678 × 1016 1.4984
Atlas* 26 × 34 660 × 864 1.3077
Colombier 23.5 × 34.5 597 × 876 1.4681
Double demy 22.5 × 35.5 572 × 902 1.5(7)
Imperial* 22 × 30 559 × 762 1.3636
Double large post 21 × 33 533 × 838 1.5713
Elephant* 23 × 28 584 × 711 1.2174
Princess 21.5 × 28 546 × 711 1.3023
Cartridge 21 × 26 533 × 660 1.2381
Royal* 20 × 25 508 × 635 1.25
Sheet, half post 19.5 × 23.5 495 × 597 1.2051
Double post 19 × 30.5 483 × 762 1.6052
Super royal 19 × 27 483 × 686 1.4203
Medium* 17.5 × 23 470 × 584 1.2425
Demy* 17.5 × 22.5 445 × 572 1.2857
Large post 16.5 × 21 419 × 533 1.(27)
Copy draught 16 × 20 406 × 508 1.25
Large post 15.5 × 20 394 × 508 1.2903
Post* 15.5 × 19.25 394 × 489 1.2419
Crown* 15 × 20 381 × 508 1.(3)
Pinched post 14.75 × 18.5 375 × 470 1.2533
Foolscap* 13.5 × 17 343 × 432 1.2593
Small foolscap 13.25 × 16.5 337 × 419 1.2453
Brief 13.5 × 16 343 × 406 1.1852
Pott 12.5 × 15 318 × 381 1.2

Newspapers have a separate set of sizes.

Broadsheet - Broadsheet is the largest of the various newspaper formats and is characterized by long vertical pages ( typically 22 inches / 55.9 cm or more). Now standered newspaper size is 52.5 cm. The term derives from types of popular prints usually just of a single sheet, sold on the streets and containing various types of material, from ballads to political satire. The first broadsheet newspaper was the Dutch Courante uyt Italien, Duytslandt, &c. published in 1618.

Compact- A compact newspaper is a broadsheet-quality newspaper printed in a tabloid format, especially one in the United Kingdom. The term is used also for this size (not to be confused with 4.25 × 6.75 inches or 108 × 171 mm paper sizes) came into use in its current use when The Independent began producing a smaller format edition for London's commuters, designed to be easier to read when using mass transit.

Tabloid (newspaper format) -  A tabloid is a newspaper with compact page size smaller than broadsheet, although there is no standard for the precise dimensions of the tabloid newspaper format. The term "tabloid journalism", which tends to emphasize topics such as sensational crime stories, astrology, and TV and celebrity gossip is commonly associated with tabloid sized newspapers, though some respected newspapers such as The Independent are in tabloid format, and in the United Kingdom the size is used by nearly all local newspapers. In the United States, it is commonly the format employed by alternative newspapers. As the term tabloid has become synonymous with down-market newspapers in some areas, some small-format papers which claim a higher standard of journalism refer to themselves as compact newspapers instead.

The tabloid newspaper format is particularly popular in the United Kingdom, where its page dimensions are roughly 430 × 280 mm (16.9 in × 11.0 in).

Berliner - Berliner, or "midi", is a newspaper format with pages normally measuring about 470 × 315 mm (18.5 × 12.4 in). The Berliner format is slightly taller and marginally wider than the tabloid/compact format; and is both narrower and shorter than the broadsheet format.



PAPER FINISHING

The characteristics, appearance and properties of paper and board are supplemented and enhanced by their final treatments. These may be simple processes where the reel is slit into a number of more narrow reels or cut into sheets or more complicated processes such as coating or super-calendering.

COATED PAPER 
Coating is a process by which paper or board is coated with an agent to improve brightness or printing properties. By applying PCC, china clay, pigment or adhesive the coating fills the miniscule pits between the fibres in the base paper, giving it a smooth, flat surface which can improve the opacity, lustre and colour-absorption ability. Various blades and rollers ensure the uniform application of the coating.

Different levels of coating are used according to the paper properties that are required. They are divided into light coated, medium coated, high coated, and art papers - art paper is used for the high quality reproduction of artwork in brochures and art books.


UNCOATED PAPER
Not all paper is coated. Uncoated paper is typically used for letterheads, copy paper, or printing paper. Most types of uncoated paper are surface sized to improve their strength. Such paper is used in stationary and lower quality leaflets and brochures.


PAPER RECYCLENG 
The paper industry has been recycling for over 600 years. As environmental awareness has grown, the ease with which paper can be recycled is an increasingly valued attribute. Recycling is ecologically and economically sound and recovered paper is a vital raw material for paper production.

Over the past 15 years the paper recycling capacity in Europe has doubled as a result of the significant investment by the paper industries in its recycling capacity. Since 2000, the growth in the paper recycling rate has been three times that of total paper consumption.

The paper industry is the largest recycler in Europe. Recovered fibres are particularly suited for applications such as newsprint and packaging. Innovation in recycling technology means that some fine papers can also be based on recycled fibres. However, for some "higher quality" publication paper and some packaging applications only top quality recovered paper, which is not available in large quantities, can be used.
Europe is the global leader in paper recycling:

FACTS ABOUT RECYCLEING
90% of news papers are printed on recycled paper
90% of corrugated boxes are made of recycled fibre
66.6% of consumed paper is sent for recycling
54% of the fibres used in new paper and board are sourced from recovered paper


PAPER  PRODUCTION  IN INDIA

- India’s pulp and paper industry is just 1.6 percent of world’s production.
- 12 million ton production per annum in India
- Per capita paper consumption in india 10 kg.
- Per capita paper consumption in China 60 kg.
- Develop countries like US per capita consumption is 300 kg.

Large Integrated Paper Mills from private and public sector with a product mix of all varieties of paper (writing, printing, packaging, speciality, paper boards and newsprint ) located in all regions and using conventional fibre such as wood and bamboo and also unconventional raw materials like recyclable waste paper, agro-residues, viz. bagasse and wheat straw.

Newsprint is a cost effective and inexpensive paper made from wood pulp and used chiefly for printing newspapers, flyers, and other printed material intended for mass distribution. It usually has an off-white cast and distinctive feel.

In India ,three main sources raw materials are used to manufacture paper are Wood account for 30%, Waste Paper 39% and Agro based Raw Materials 31%. The current Global requirement is to protect the environment and saving of trees to control Global warming which is the threat to mankind.

- Nepa Mills ( Burhanpur, MP)  is  the FIRST Newsprint Mill in the country



IMPA - Indian Paper Manufacturers Association (IPMA) as a body represents the resurgent and organized face of paper sector in India.
comprise the membership of  IPMA in a broad spectrum.  IPMA members account for more than one-third of industry's production of paper and paper board.



Major Paper Mills in INDIA

The Hindustan Paper Corporation (GOVT)
Cachar Paper Mill, Panchgram (Assam)
Nagaon Paper Mills, Kagaj Nagar
The South India Paper Mills
NEPA Mills, Nepanagar ( GOVT. Mill) ( For NEWSPRINT)
Nepa Mills, KASHIPUR, UTTRAKHAND

Cachar Paper Mill, Panchgram (Assam) ( cor. Silcahr Times)

Sirpur Paper Mills (Adilabad, Telangana)
Andhra Pradesh Paper Mills
Tamil Nadu Newsprint and Papers Limited
Amrit Corp ABC Papers
Century Pulp & Paper, Lalkuan.
Orient Paper Mills
Hemkunt Paper Mills Ltd.
ITC Paperboards & Specialty Papers Division
J. K. Paper Ltd.
Khanna Paper Mills
K. R. Pulp & Papers
Murli Industries Ltd.
Mysore Paper Mills
Punalur Paper Mills, Punalur
Sai Rayalaseema Paper Mills Ltd., Kurnool
Sangal Papers Ltd., Mawana
Satia Paper Mills Ltd., Muktsar
Seshasayee Paper And Boards Ltd., Erode
Sri Nandha Paper and Board, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu
Sri Srinivasa Paper Mills
Trident Paper Mills
West Coast Paper Mills, Dandeli
Whitefield Paper Mills
Yash-Papers, Faizabad
Mundey Paper Mills, Malerkotla ( PUNJAB)
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